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SOUVENIR 



OF T«K VISIT OP run 



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nternational 



cooocooo 



W-- 



American 



O O C 



(Conference 



TO THE CITY OF 



PHILADELPHIA, 



Novcinher 10-15, iS^'^g. 



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>v5^^-5_:-JS%t • Ac.i-^3-T*/vfi> 



Prepared under the direetion of the Citizens' Reception Committee 

for presentation to the fol/ozving Delegates, Secretaries, 

and Attaches of the Conference : 






President, JAMES G. BLAINE. 



Secretaries, II. Remsic.n Whitehol'se, Fidei. G. Pierra. 






HAYTI. 
Delegate, Arthur Laforestric ; Secretary, H. Aristide Preston. 

NICARAGUA. 
Delegate, Horatio Guzman ; Secretary, R. Mayorga. 

PERU. 

Dcl,-gitlc, V. C. C. Zegarra ; Secretary, Leopoldo Oyague y Snycr; Attae/ie, 
Manuel Elguera. 



GUATEMALA. 

i'<.7i!'^''rt/(', Fernando Cruz; Secretary, Domingo Estrada; Attache, Javier 
A. Arroyo. 

3 



LIST OF DELEGATES. ETC. 



URUGUAY. 

Dckgatc, All-ieito Nin; Sc-criiarii-s, Dionisio Ramos Monteio, Henry 
Dauber. 

COLOMBIA. 

Dc'/cxaUs, Jose M. Hurtado, Carlos Martinez Silva, Climaco Calderon ; 
Sfor/di'v, Julio Rengifo. 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

Dc/rg^ah'S, Roqiie Saenz I'ena, Manuel Ouintana ; Sccre/aru's, Federico 
Pinedo, Ernesto Bosch. 

COSTA RICA. 
Diii-galt-, Manuel Aragon ; Secretary, Joaquim Bernado Calvo. 

PARAGUAY. 
Pcli-gatt-, Jose S. Decoud. 

BRAZIL. 

Delegates, J. G. do Amaral Valente, Salvador de Mendonqa ; Seeretaries, 
Jose Augusto Ferreira da Costa, Joaquim de Freitas Vasconcellos ; 
Attaches, Alfredo de Moraes Gomes Ferreira, Mario de Mendonc^a. 

HONDURAS. 

Dchgate, Jeronimo Zelaya ; Secretaries, E. Constantino Fiallos, Richard 
\'illafranca. 

ME.XICO. 

Delegates, Matias Romero, Enrique A. Mexia ; Secretary, Enrique Santi- 
bafiez. 

BOLIVIA. 

Delegate, Juan F.Velarde; Secretary, Melchor Obarrio ; Attac/ies, Alci- 
biades Velarde, Mariano Velarde. 



LIST OF DELEGATES, ETC. 



UNITED STATES. 

Dclegati-s, John li. Henderson, Cornelius N. Bliss, Clement Studebaker, 
T. Jefferson Coolidgc, William Henry Trescot, Andrew Carnegie, 
Morris M. Estee, John E. Hanson, Henry G. Davis, Charles R. Flint; 
Secretaries, Edmund VV. V. Smith, Edward A. Trescot. 



VENEZUELA. 

Delegates, Nicanor Unlet I'craza, Jose Andrade. Francisco v\ntonio Silva 
Seeretarv, Nicanor Uolet Moncgas. 



CHILI. 

Delegates, ICmilio C. Varas, Jose Alfonso; Secretrr/es, (":nlos 7;niartu, 
Paulino Alfonso, Domingo Pena Tore. 



SALVADOR. 

Delegate, Jacinto Castcllanos; Seeretary, Samuel \'aldi\ieso; Attaetie, J. 
A. Rossi. 

ECUADOR. 

Delegate, Jose Marie Placido Caamano ; Seeretary, Nicolas ^'ril)as ; y///</< /u\ 
Antonio Echaverria. 



Exeeutive Officer, William E. Curtis; Disbursing Officer. Haughwout 
Howe; Sergeants-at-Arins, John (;. Hourke, Captain L'..S.A., Heniy 
R. Lemly, First Lieutenant U.S.A.; Surgeon, H. C. Yarrow, A. A. 
.Surgeon U. S. -A. ; Official Inlerfiretcrs. J. L Rodriguez, .Arthur W. 
Fergusson. 



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HAT PHILADELPHIA IS 



^ay 



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SKETCH OF THE INDUSTRIES 
Bl AND LEADING CHARACTER- 
ISTICS OF THE CITY 



>\\\— w« 



WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS 

HISTORIC PAST. 



cIYAO 



<^ 



"~^ 



ALBERT F.^ATTHEWS. 

M 
O 1' THK STAFF OF THE P H 1 L A Ii !■: I. I' H 1 A PKP.SS. 



r R I N T K D H V 

J. B. LIl'l'INCOTT COMPANY. 
1890. 



P reface 




|HE tour of the delegates to the International 
American Conference through the Northern 
section of the United States culminated in 
Philadelphia. There was singular felicity in the plan 
which made the visit to this city the crowning event 
of the journ(;y. Philadelphia is at once the chief his- 
toric centre and the representative manufacturing cit)- 
of the great Republic. 

The citizens of Philadelphia had great satisfaction 
in extending a cordial welcome to the representatives 
of the sister American nations, and this volume is 
desio-ned as a memento of thtt agreeable association. 
Its purpose is to give our distinguished visitors a 
somewhat broader skcitch and leave with them in 
more enduring form a distinct impression ot what 
diey saw when they were with us. It is not intended 
to be a mere statistical abstract, made up wholly of 



lO PREFACE. 



cold and colorless figures, but a portraiture which, 
while studiously accurate and trustworthy, shall at the 
same time suggest something of the flesh and blood 
and life of the city. Such statistics as are given for 
1889 cover only that part of the year preceding the 
visit of the Conference in November. 

"Those who dwell on Mount Athos do not see 
Mount Athos." It is altogether probable that our 
acute and travelled visitors saw our city with a keener 
vision and a quicker apprehension than we who are 
to the manner born. But it is the earnest hope of 
the Citizens' Committee, under whose auspices this 
volume has been prepared, that it may serve not 
only to refresh their impressions, but to signify our 
great pleasure in the honor of their visit and to keep 
our city and her people green in their memories. 



c 



ONTENTS. 



Chap. I. Introductory '3 

II. The Citv'.s Historic Past i8 

III. The City's Lnucstries -'< 

IV'. Leading Chakacteristics 4^ 

\'. The Future 65 

Appendix . . (>') 




HAT PHILADELPHIA IS. 



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I 



CHAPTER I. 



INTRODUCTORY. 




ilET the man who would ask what Philadelphia 
is stand for ten minutes on the City Hall 
tower and see. He is squarely in the centre 
of a huge American city and hundreds of 
feet above it. He knows already — for surely he has 
been told — that it is the second city in population of 
the United States, containing over one million souls ; 
that it is the metropolis of one of the greatest States, 
and is two centuries old ; that it is ninety-six miles 
from the seaboard, antl in the clasping embrace of the 
best-liehted and one of the easiest-navigated rivers 
of the world ; that its extent covers one hundred and 
twenty-nine square miles ; that its right-angled streets 
line out a city plan of squares precise and unyielding 
that proclaim the rigid simplicity ot its earliest set- 
tlers ; that it was founded by William Penn, and that, 

«3 



14 IV//AT PHILADELPHIA IS. 

under the example and precept of decades of Quaker 
influence, it has come to be reo^arded as the home 
of a quiet, unpretentious folk, a reservoir of con- 
served force, unassuming, but so persistent and fear- 
less that not only in times of crisis but in every-day 
life it has had a conspicuous share in the development 
of a mighty nation, in its history, its science, its litera- 
ture, its art, its labor, its morality, its triumphs. 

But what does the stranger on the tower see? 
He sees first miles and miles of red-roofed buildings. 
There are thousands of acres of these slanting, dull- 
hued roofs all alike and resting on billions of red 
bricks set in white marble frames. In interminable 
rows, with mathematical precision, they stretch away 
out of sight like an immense army, every company, 
every regiment, every brigade, every division, every 
corps of which stands rigidly stiff ready for dress- 
parade inspection. At once the stranger pronounces 
Philadelphia a vast city of plain architecture, devoid 
of show, apparently possessed of large wealth. 

What does a second glance reveal ? Rising from 
the vast plain of roofs half a thousand spires rear 
their heads to look at the searching spectator. Away 
to the north a magnificent Corinthian temple stands 
forth from a marble plaza. It is Girard College, a 
choice jewel in the city's casket. To the west are 
the buildings of a great and historic University. To 
the south and east rise the palace homes of commerce. 
Then the stranger proclaims Philadelphia a city of 







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WHA T PHILADELPHIA IS. 



toleration, a city of free religion, dev^oted to education 
and proud of trade. 

One of these buildings to the east has caught the 
stranger's eye and holds it. Instinctively he recognizes 
Independence Hall, the most sacred building in the 
United States, the choicest national temple in the 
world. He remembers that here the Declaration of 
Independence was signed ; here the tongue of the 
old Liberty Bell vibrated the birth of a new nation ; 
here the Constitution was adopted. He remembers 
all this, and the sweep of the music of two national 
centennials held in Philadelphia reaches the ears of his 
memory, and with eagerness he declares it to l:)e the 
city of the Revolution — the revolution for humanity 
and progress — and the birthplace of eighteenth and 
nineteenth century liberty. 

Turning again for a closer look, he sees that from 
every portion of the town thousands of heated boilers 
are sending forth the hot breath of industry in fleecy 
cloud-pillars that catch the eye like whitecaps on a 
ruffled lake. At the tower's base swift iron horses 
start off with thundering carriages in impetuous speed. 
From the encircling river, from the suburbs, from 
without and from within come signals that proclaim 
a reign of industry such as is seen nowhere else in 
the Western hemisphere. They tell a story of capital 
and labor, of wage-workers and employers dwelling 
together in mutual dependence, and they proclaim the 
dignity of labor as a fundamental idea of liberty and 



I 6 WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. 

progress. The stranger then begins to understand 
that Philadelphia is the greatest city of industiy and 
manufacture on the American continent. 

Another look at the dwellings shows them to be 
low in comparison with those of other cities. One- 
half of them are small, two stories in heioht, built 
solely for the use of single families. The man on the 
tower will be surprised to learn that he is looking 
down on more than two hundred thousand separate 
and distinct homes, a sight to be seen nowhere else 
in this country. He will not see one tenement house, 
in the generally accepted sense of the term, in the 
whole city, and then, pausing to think of the indus- 
tries and noting the spirit of the city that finds its 
characteristic feature in the home idea, he will begin 
to comprehend the meaning of the area that Philadel- 
phia occupies and its true significance. He will then 
see why Philadelphia is called the City of Homes. 

If now the day should be Sunday, stranger yet will 
be the sight. The spectator will be looking down on 
a city where not a single drinking saloon is open. 
The noise of the streets is still, traffic has ceased, 
and the quiet of a North American .Sunday, seen 
usually in small towns and villages alone, pervades 
the place like a new atmosphere. It is a living ex- 
emplification of that respect for law that marks an 
independent people. There dawns upon the stranger 
the real meaning of the words "law and order," and 
he begins to realize that Philadelphia is the leading 




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WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. 



city of the United States in paying tribute to tlie 
supremacy of law. 

Thus the stranger sums up Philadelphia, — an un- 
pretentious city of mighty power and large space, a 
tolerant city, a city of historic splendor, a hive of in- 
dustry and the dwelling-place of labor, a city where 
home is a universal temple, and, finally, a city where 
law and order reign. 

This does not answer the question, for Philadelphia 
is more than all this. No city on the American con- 
tinent is its peer in reverence for the past, and in no 
city does the spirit of patriotism live as in modern 
Philadelphia. On every occasion a patriotism that 
never dies or grows feeble speaks as it spoke more 
than a century ago. Moreover, the city stands out 
far ahead of all her sister municipalities in one respect. 
She represents the latest tendencies in municipal gov- 
ernment, her affairs being conducted on the idea of 
individual rather than bureau responsibility, and her 
system of finance being summed up in the homely 
expression " Pay as you go." 

What, then, is Philadelphia ? She is the typical 
American city of the United States, — typical in her 
history, typical in her people, typical in her industries, 
and typical in her tendencies. 




CHAPTER II. 

THE city's historic PAST. 

O appreciate thoroughly the Philadelphia of 
to-day glance briefly at her past. It was 
of Philadelphia that Penn wrote: "I took 
charge of the province for the Lord's sake ; 
to raise a people who shall be a praise in the earth 
for conduct, as well as for civil and religious liberty ; 
to afford an asylum to the good and oppressed of 
every nation ; to frame a government which may be 
an e.xample, and to show men as free and as happy 
as they can be." 

Provided with a charter granted by Charles II., 
William Penn gave his cousin, William Markham, a 
commission to settle in Pennsylvania and to establish 
Philadelphia. Previous to that the Dutch and Swedes 
had settled along the Delaware River. Penn came 
over in 1682, arriving at New Castle October 27, and 
reaching Philadelphia a few days later, probably less 
than a week. The original Indian name was Coaqua- 
nock, meaning "the grove of tall pines." Thus the 
city was established, having a record of eighty dwell- 
ings and five hundred inhabitants in the first year's 
18 




l>/.V>J>^^LJ>J;Hi!M* 




WHERE THE FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS MET 



WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. 1 9 

growth. Various industries sprang up, the leading 
ones of which were ship-building, brickmaking, and 
tanning. The daily life of the people was character- 
ized by steady, conservative growth and a freedom 
from strife, such as distinguished many leading cities 
of the colonies. 

However, it is around the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence, adopted on July 2, 1776, and proclaimed 
on July 4, 1776, that the greatest historic interest in 
the city clusters. The first Continental Congress met 
in Philadelphia, in Carpenters' Hall, on September 4, 
1774. The State-House, from which national inde- 
pendence was proclaimed, was not available, because 
the Pennsylvania Assembly was about to sit there. It 
was in Philadelphia, on July 9, 1778, that the Articles 
of Confederation were adopted and signed, and here, 
on May 14, 1787, the Constitutional Convention met, 
finishing its work September 17, 1787, amid great 
rejoicing. Three years later Congress met in Phila- 
delphia, the city becoming the scat of the National 
Government for ten years. In 1 793, Washington was 
inaugurated here for the second term of his presi- 
dency, and here it was that his matchless "Farewell 
Address" to the people was delivered before Congress 
in 1797, a little over two years before his death. 

In and about Independence Hall all these events 
are centred. It stands to-day practically as it stood 
then. Begun as a State-House in 1732, it was fin- 
ished in 1749. Ever since 1776 it has been the 



20 IVHA T PHILADELPHIA IS. 

nation's shrine. Over a century ago it sheltered the 
nation's Greatest men. On one side of it Congress 
met, and on the other side the National Supreme 
Court began its sessions. It opened its doors to 
Lafayette and Kossuth later in its history, and under 
its roof the people paid tribute to the dead body of 
the martyr-president, Abraham Lincoln. The nation 
gathered there in 1876, when the country's monster 
Centennial reached its zenith, and then again in 1887, 
at the Constitutional Centennial, all the great men of 
the prosperous and giant Republic passed through 
its corridors and beneath its dome. In 1876 it was 
dedicated to the people of the United States by the 
City of Philadelphia, into whose possession it had 
come about the beginning of the century. 

T^HE LIBERTY BELL. 



00000000 



Within those sacred portals hangs that 
bit of metal most sacred to the United States, — the 
Liberty Bell. This emblem of the past was first hung 
in the tower in August, 1752. Within a month it 
became cracked. It was recast, and in June, 1753, 
was again hung in the steeple. It remained in faithful 
use and rano- out the oreat Declaration, after which it 
was used only on particular occasions. It was finally 
cracked on July 8, 1835, while tolling in memory of 
Chief-Justice Marshall, who died in this city two days 
before. Twice only has the bell been removed from 




THE LIBERTY BELL 



WHA T PHILADELPHIA IS. 2 I 

its home. In 1777, when the British occupied the city, 
it was sent to Lancaster, and in 1885 it was sent to 
the Exposition at New Orleans to emphasize the bond 
of fraternal union between the North and the reeen- 
erated South. Its last return was made the occasion 
of a civic pageant, and since then it has remained 
suspended in Independence Hall, the most venerated 
inanimate thing in the United States, excepting the 
State-House itself, the original Declaration of Inde- 
pendence, and the actual parchment of the Consti- 
tution. 

Not only in Revolutionary memories is Philadel- 
phia dear to the nation. Here the first Abolition 
society was formed and began its work. Hc;re the 
first bank of the countr)- was established. Here the 
first Stars and Stripes were unfurled to the breeze, 
and the place where the Hag was made, 239 Arch 
Street, stands to-day. It was from Philadelphia that 
the first Arctic exploration expedition set sail. The 
good ship was the "Argo," but her mission was un- 
successful. She .sailed from the Delaware in 1770. 
Here the American Protestant Episcopal Church was 
established in 1786. 

;^HE INDUSTRIES OF THE PAST. 



The city's industries, too, were estab- 
lished early. Ship-building began as early as 1683, and 
flourished as nowhere else in the colonies or after- 



22 WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. 

wards in the new nation. Here was established the 
first textile manufactory in the colonies. Silk culture 
began as far back as 177 1. It was on the Delaware, 
in 1788, that John Fitch applied steam to the propul- 
sion of oars that drove the first steamboat up and 
down the river, nineteen years before Fulton made 
his success on the Hudson with the Clermont by the 
application of steam to paddle-wheels. Here the first 
successful type-foundry was established, and the first 
German Bible ever printed in this country was printed 
in Philadelphia. The first effective locomotive, the old 
"Ironsides," was built here in 1831-32, and has a 
record, too, it is said, of a mile a minute. The first 
experimental steam-engine, however, was put in oper- 
ation in 1773, and it was here, in 1775, that the first 
piano-forte was made this side of the Atlantic. 

Amone the earliest of the industries was that of 
iron and steel working. There were many furnaces, 
and a great product was fire-arms, cannon, and the 
production of nails. Gold- and silver-smiths were in 
great demand, and hatters and tanners found a lively 
occupation constantly. The brewery industry was also 
strong. The first chemical works in the United States 
were also established here. 

Down to 1833, Philadelphia was the great financial 
centre of the country. President Jackson in that year 
caused the disruption of the second government bank 
that had been established, and after that New York 
became the money head-quarters. During the first 




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WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. 



three decades of the century Philadelphia was the 
foremost port of the country, and the sugar industry, 
fostered on importations from the West Indies, be- 
came a leading source of wealth and business. Thus 
the city grew, building up and adding new industries 
at ever^' step, and thus she became what she is to- 
day, — the largest and most diverse manufacturing 
centre this side of the Atlantic. 

G REAT MEN OF THE PAS'T 

Not only is the city's past great in the 
events with which her name is inseparably linked, but 
she counts among her glories the memory of scores 
of great men. The name that stands highest is that 
of Benjamin Franklin, printer, scientist, statesman. 
It was here, and said to be on the site of the present 
Post-Office at Ninth and Chestnut Streets, that he 
caught the lightning from the clouds and first mas- 
tered that mightiest of forces, electricity. His life is 
known wherever United States histor)' is known. 
Among the other names on the scroll of honor, and 
known far beyond the limits of Pennsylvania, are 
those of Robert Morris and James Wilson, the one 
the great financier and the other the profound con- 
stitutional lawyer, defender, and advocate. Great at 
the bar was Horace Binney. Great in medicine 
were Benjamin Rush, William Shippen, and John 
Morgan. Great in science have been John and 



24 WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. 

William Bartram, botany ; Robert Hare, chemistry ; 
David Rittenhouse, astronomy ; C. S. Rafinesque, 
general science ; Thomas Say, founder of the Acad- 
emy of Natural Sciences ; Provost Smith, one of the 
University of Pennsylvania's founders ; Alexander 
Wilson, ornitholoo-ist ; Elisha Kent Kane, Arctic ex- 
plorer ; A. D. Bache, coast survey. Great in eco- 
nomics were Matthew Carey and Henry C. Carey, his 
son. Andrew Hamilton first established in law the 
liberty of the press. Great in combat with the yellow 
fever was Dr. Rene La Roche. Bishop White, of 
Philadelphia, was the first American Episcopal bishop, 
consecrated in London with Bishop Hobart. John 
Hopkinson, the author of " Hail Columbia," was a 
Philadelphian. This was the home of Benjamin Lay, 
the great anti-slavery preacher. The city especially 
rejoices in the memory of James Logan and Stephen 
Girard as philanthropists. Robert Fulton spent his 
boyhood's days here. High on the scroll of Revolu- 
tionary heroes are the names of half a dozen Biddies, 
and so the list might be extended. 

Thus runs the story of the city's past. It is a 
story of patriotism, of great men, and of a peculiarly 
sensitive, liberty-loving people ; a story of war that 
led to prosperous peace ; a story of steady accretion 
of wealth ; a story of constant improvement ot the 
masses ; a story of wonderful mechanical development, 
and a story of loyalty that challenges the admiration 
of the whole people. The city has had its periods 



WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. 25 



of Storm and stress. It has felt the scourge of yellow 
fever and of small-pox, but has escaped the horrors 
and losses of enormous conflagration. Times of finan- 
cial distress have fallen sore upon it, but its straight- 
forward conservative spirit has successfully stemmed 
the storm. It has had its share of riots, but it has 
never been disgraced by outbreaks of disloyalty to 
the nation. During the great civil war its financiers 
propped up the arms of the government with their 
gold unhesitatingly, and the honor of bringing a re- 
united country out of a war in which its people, one 
and all, bore a patient part, and heroes, such as 
Hancock, Meade, Hartranft, Reynolds, and McClellan 
flashed their Pennsylvanian swords, rests more with 
Philadelphia than with any other municipality in the 
North. 




CHAPTER III. 



THE CITY S INDUSTRIES. 




1'" one would thoroughly know Philadelphia, 
the streets are no place for him. Let him 
open the doors ot industry and step inside. 
He is in the presence of at least a quarter 
of a million wage-earners. They represent the brawn 
of a nation and the chief glory of Philadelphia. The 
visitor is in the midst of thousands of glowing fur- 
naces heating immense cauldrons, whose clouds of 
steam betoken almost every conceivable form of man- 
ufacture. The noise of anvils, the din ot hammers, 
the rush of spindles, the whirl of machinery reach 
his ears, and he realizes the colossal scope and sig- 
nificance and the hicrh honor, too, of the words, 
" American workino'man." 

Wonderfully diverse and varied are these indus- 
tries. From the heaviest product of iron machinery 
down to the daintiest fabric of silk and the frailest 
creation of pottery, all are made here. Wherever 
the natural conditions render it possible to make a 
product with profit to the manufacturer and a decent 
living to the worker, no industry of any magnitude 



26 




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IVHA T PHILADELPHIA IS. 



is overlooked or fails to find a foothold in this com- 
munity of big-chested, hard-muscled men. William 
Penn seemed to foresee it all, for in his frame of 
government he provided for "a committee of manu- 
facturers, education, and art, so that all wicked and 
scandalous living may be prevented, and that the 
youth may be trained up in virtue and useful arts 
and knowledge." 

Exact and complete details of the jiroductivity of 
Philadelphia manufactures have not been gathered 
since 1880 and 1882. the former by the government 
and the latter by a city census. Careful estimates 
from acknowledged experts are being constantly made, 
however, antl by taking the lowest figures the liability 
to exaggeration is greatly lessened and rendered im- 
probable. Regarding their diversification, however, 
there can be no error. In 18S2 there were found to 
be over twelve thousand separate manufacturing es- 
tablishments in Philadelphia. There certainly is that 
number to-tlay, and it probably reaches one thousand 
more. In these thirteen thousand places can be found 
the alert, vigorous, and powerful mechanical genius 
of the country. Here the ponderous locomotive and 
the most delicate of mathematical instruments are 
made. Mighty war ships and children's dolls are 
produced. Almost every form of iron, every form 
of textile development, every form of change in the 
character of all the leading raw materials, native 
grown or imported, may be seen here. The median- 



WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. 



ical spirit that finds expression in the highest skilled 
labor also expends itself on crude and odd creations. 
Here numerous grindstones are made. Factories for 
hairpins and even horse-sandals may here be found. 
Aquariums, foundry facings, matches, axle - grease, 
coffee - roasters, bellows, surgical appliances, signal 
rockets, ship propellers, millstones, sand-paper, paper 
pulp, shipping tags, window-shades, crucibles, varnish, 
vinegar, and a hundred others have a place in the 
list of the thirteen thousand establishments. 

"ZTHK CITY'S YEARLY PRODUCT. 



ooooooooooo 



Perhaps the most striking figures that 
can be given to show the importance of Philadelphia 
as a manufacturing centre are these: During the 
year 1888, according to the Bureau of Anthracite 
Coal Statistics, there were two million eioht hundred 
and thirty-eight thousand six hundred and eighty-nine 
tons of anthracite coal used in Philadelphia. The 
Bureau of Boiler Inspectors report that during the 
same year five thousand four hundred and ninety- 
nine boilers were under their supervision and care. 
These two facts tell their own tale of industry. It is 
impossible to get statistics of the number of tons of 
bituminous coal used, and it would be simply a guess 
of large dimensions to even approximate the amount 
of coal used in household consumption. 

Regarding the number of persons employed in 



WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. 29 

these establishments, it is a low estimate to put the 
figure at two hundred and fifty thousand. The census 
of 1880 put the number at one hundred and ninety- 
seven thousand nine hundred and sixty-four ; that of 
the cit}''s compilation in 1882, prepared by Lorin 
Blodget, fixed the number at two hundred and forty- 
two thousand four hundred and eighty-three. If there 
was error in either figure, as has been claimed by 
both sides, it is held by experts that in view of the 
increase of population from eight hundred and forty- 
seven thousand in 1880 to over a million — as will be 
shown later — in 1889, the estimate of a quarter of a 
million workers is not too low. The average prod- 
uctivity of the Philadelphia worker has been put at 
two thousand dollars [)er individual (the actual figures 
being nineteen hundred and ninety-two dollars). This 
sum multiplied by a quarter of a million workers means 
an annual output of at least five hundred million dol- 
lars. The 1882 census put it at four hundred and 
eight)'-one million two hundred and twenty-six thou- 
sand three hundred and nine dollars, and that of 1880 
put it at three hundred and twent)--two million nine 
hundred and eighty-four thousand four hundred and 
sixty-one dollars. At any rate, five hundred mil- 
lions is now regarded as a fair figure, and there are 
experts of established reputation who unhesitatingly 
declare that the value of the products manufactured 
in Philadelphia is at least six hundred million dollars. 
They base this on the belief that the increase in prod- 



30 WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. 

uctivity in ten years is from twenty to twenty-five 
per cent., and that the figures of the census of 1882 
are more nearly correct than those of 1880. The 
estimate of five hundred milHon dollars is conceded 
by all, however, to be low and free from exaggera- 
tion of value. The figures represent the cost price 
rather than the selling value. It is estimated that the 
number of distinct industries is between three and 
four hundred, and the average waee of the Philadel- 
phia worker is four hundred and seventy-five dollars a 
year, men, women, and children included, hi Boston 
and many other cities it is computed at three hundred 
and seventy-five dollars. 

Of the hundreds of industries that go to make 
up Philadelphia's great total there are half a dozen 
that stand out conspicuously. They are these : tex- 
tile, sugar, iron and steel, ships, clothing, and shoes. 
According to the city census the output of the textile 
industries was one hundred and two million eighty- 
seven thousand one hundred and twenty-eight dollars, 
and the 1880 census made it seventy-five million four 
hundred and seventy-eight thousand and fifty dollars. 
It is a low valuation to put it now at one hundred and 
ten million dollars, largely because of the wonderful 
output of carpets, the leading department of the tex- 
tile industry of Philadelphia. Among the textile in- 
dustries are included carpets, cloth finishing, cotton 
manufactures of various kinds, dye and print works, 
hosiery and knit goods, all kinds of silk goods, woollen 



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goods of all grades and kinds, as well as worsted 
manufactures and mixed textiles. An estimate of one 
thousand establishments, with an employment roll of 
seventy thousand men, women, and youths of both 
sexes included, is a low one. The variety of manu- 
facture in the other conspicuous branches of industry, 
especially in iron and steel, is similar to that of the 
textile trade, and each can best be clearly brought 
out by separate attention. 

T^HE CARPET TRADE. 



O O O O 



Take carpets first. In the city of Philadel- 
phia alone more carpets are made than in the whole 
of Great Britain at the present da)\ The hnest fab- 
rics are made here. There is no branch of the trade 
that is not wrought out here, and the most expensive, 
luxuriant, and rich floor coverings in the world now 
come from the mills of Philadelphia. The prosperity 
of this industry has drawn thousands of operators 
from England, in many cases thinning the population 
of carpet-making towns to a noticeable extent. The 
hand looms are fast being suppl.inted by power looms, 
and even these are being vastly improved, so much 
so that it is estimated that since January i of the 
year 1889 fifteen hundred rapid-motion power looms 
have been set up in various factories in the city. 
Each one of these looms doubles a man's producing 
capacity. The trade is very flourishing at the present 



32 WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. 

time, and the number of looms has been estimated 
for 1889 as eight thousand, employing fully seventeen 
thousand persons, who produce seventy million yards 
of goods, worth from forty to forty-five million dollars 
a year. Lorin Blodget estimates twenty-five thousand 
as the number of persons all told that are connected 
with the trade in its various branches, and by general 
consent the average cost price of carpets, including 
ingrains, Brussels, Axminster, velvets, moquettes, and 
other grades is fixed upon as from fifty to sixty cents. 
There are at least one hundred and eighty distinct 
mills in the city, hali a dozen of which are so enor- 
mous in size and capacity as to astonish even visitors 
from the Old World. 

Important and extensive manufacture of carpets 
began here about 1840 through the immigration of 
German and Eno-jish workmen. It struo-oled along 
until after the civil war, and under the stimulation of 
tariff acts soon began to lead the revolution in the 
industries of the city. Imports in carpets gradually 
decreased until they became insignificant, in 1876. 
This led to a large immigration to Philadelphia, and 
that part of the city called Kensington, which is es- 
pecially the carpet centre, is now populated not only 
with thousands of English skilled workmen, but many 
of their best engineers, managers, and designers. 
The twelve million dollars which used to go annually 
to England for carpets now remains on this side of 
the Atlantic, and, estimating the amount paid to labor 



WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. 



as one-third of the cost (some place the figure as 
high as forty per cent.), this means that four million 
dollars a year is paid to workmen in Philadelphia, 
and, instead of going abroad, remains in circulation 
in this city for the benefit of her people and the ex- 
pansion of her trade. 

While the carpet industry has undoubtedly in- 
creased from sixty to eight)' per cent, in the last ten 
years, not so much can be said for all branches of the 
textile trade. The output of cotton-yarn goods, which 
in 1882 was estimated at thirteen million one hun- 
dred thousand three hundred and thirty-three dollars, 
has probably decreased twenty-five per cent., owing 
to the establishment of factories in the Southern 
States side by side with the cotton-fields. In the 
dye- and print-works the estimated increase since 1880 
is about ten per cent., making the output of that 
branch of the textile industry equal to between tour 
and five million dollars. The output in hosiery and 
knit goods is about the same as it was eight years 
ago, being estimated in the city census of 1882 at 
fourteen million one hundred and six thousand six 
hundred and fort)- dollars for that year. 



Q UGAR IN DUSTRY STATISTICS. 



I c :■ o c 



The sugar trade of Philadelphia next 
commands attention. Since early in the century it 
has been a leading industry of the city. Standing on 



34 WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. 

the City Hall tower and looking towards the south- 
east, two lofty refineries in full operation are seen on 
the edge of the Delaware, the daily output of which 
is, when in full operation, seven thousand five hun- 
dred barrels. Another refinery, consisting of a double 
plant, is to be put in operation within a short time, 
and the sugar output, by including one or two small 
refineries, will reach from twelve to thirteen thousand 
barrels a day, averaging three hundred and twenty- 
five pounds to the barrel, and costing from twenty 
to twenty-two dollars a barrel. The value of the out- 
put of the refineries, run at full capacity, as they have 
been this year, equals fully fifty million dollars. 
When the capacity shall have been increased to thir- 
teen thousand barrels a day the output will be over 
eighty million dollars a year. 

Of the refineries now in operation in Philadelphia 
none belong to the well-known Surar Trust. When 
the added refineries become available, the capacity of 
Philadelphia will be about equal to one-half that of the 
trust, or, in other words, one-half that of the rest of 
the United States. This will have a material influence 
on the price of that commodity in the country at 
laree, the demand for which is said to increase at 
the rate of five per cent, a year. The new re- 
fineries hope to fill this increased demand of five 
per cent., and thus, while bringing increased trade 
to Philadelphia, the effect of which will be felt 
in thousands of channels, it is thought that injuri- 



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WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. 35 

ous competition among the city's refineries will be 
avoided. 

Most of the raw material used in makino; sugars 
comes from Cuba. The last navigation reports show 
that in 1888 there were received at the port of Phil- 
adelphia four hundred and forty-eight million three 
hundred thousand pounds of raw sugar, an amount 
fifty per cent, greater than that which went to Boston. 
The value of the imports from Cuba, as shown by 
custom-hou.se statistics for the year ending June 30, 
1 888, was over thirteen million dollars ; from Porto 
Rico the importations reached six hundred and fifty 
thousand dollars. The increase in the refining ca- 
pacity will increase the business of the jjort from 
three million to five million dollars a year. 

An estimate as to the number of men employed 
in the refineries is extremely difficult to obtain, from 
the fact that the work outside the refinery proper, 
such as coopering, carting, and other labor, is let out 
at contract price, and is not counted with the labor 
of the refinery. In the 1882 census the number of 
men employed in the business was put at seventeen 
hundred and eighty-nine. When the new refineries 
get in operation it certainly will be within the limits 
to say the number of employed persons will reach at 
least two thousand. There are other refineries in 
Philadelphia than the three referred to, but as they 
do not make high-grade sugars, — that is, granulated 
or light-colored sugars, — they are regarded as but 



36 WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. 

tributary to the larger or leading refineries. Phila- 
delphia thus has the largest output of sugar of any 
city in the United States, and is only surpassed in 
its record by New York and Brooklyn combined, the 
two cities easily numbering a population at least twice 
that of Philadelphia. 



RON AND STEEL WORK 





Ever since Philadelphia has been known as 
a manufacturing city it has heard the hammer and felt 
the glow of the furnace of the iron and steel worker. 
Still it is not what might be strictly termed an iron 
and steel centre. It is rather a city where iron and 
steel finishing is done. It has made machinery ever 
since machinery could be made, and to-day it works 
iron and steel into more forms, useful and ornamental, 
than any other city in the United States. 

While the city has its rolling-mills and furnaces, 
they are small compared with those found elsewhere 
in the State, notably in the Schuylkill, Lehigh, and 
Susquehanna Valleys. Still these immense blast fur- 
naces have been largely fed, in fact almost entirely 
established, by Philadelphia capital, so that it may 
truly be said that Philadelphia has her monster fur- 
naces near the mines where the raw material is pro- 
duced, and then finishes the crude article in her 
own limits, changing it into a multiplicity of forms 
that delight the eye and serve the purposes of man 




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WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. 37 



in every grade of life. Even in Pittsburg, where 
fivrnaces and rolling-mills seem to be the dwelling- 
places of the masses, Philadelphia capital rears its 
head and contributes largely to the sum of the great 
product. 

Turning to the city again, there is no industry in 
its limits that calls for a greater variety of skilled 
labor than that of iron and steel working. Its hum 
is heard in solid blocks of establishments, and its 
workmen, whether drawing slender bars of snake-like 
iron from white-hot furnaces, or adjusting the delicate 
mechanism of mathematical instruments, are well paid 
and contented. At this writing the industry is in the 
whirl of prosperity, and many factories are running 
on night schedules. 

Satisfactory statistics concerning the iron and steel 
industries in Philadelphia are extremely hard to obtain. 
It is known that the first iron-foundry was built in Ger- 
mantown in 171 1. The Government census of 1870 
put the product as forty-six million three hundred 
, and eighty-two thousand one hundretl and seventy- 
three dollars from four hundred and thirty-nine estab- 
lishments, and employing twenty-sevt-n thousand eight 
hundred and fifty men. The 1880 census reduced 
these figures to twenty-seven million sixty-nine thou- 
sand eight hundred and two dollars output from four 
hundred and thirty establishments, employing only 
nineteen thousand one hundred and forty men. The 
1882 census made this estimate: output, fifty-eight 



38 WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. 

million six hundred and eio;-ht thousand seven hun- 
dred and eighty-one ; establishments, seven hundred 
and nine ; workmen, thirty-one thousand nine hun- 
dred and seventeen. These, then, are the official es- 
timates, those of 1870 and 1882 being taken by the 
same management. It is believed that no possibility 
of exaggeration can creep into this present estimate : 
product, fifty million dollars ; wages, fifteen million 
dollars ; establishments, seven hundred to eight hun- 
dred ; workmen, thirty thousand. There are those 
who claim that the present output is at least seventy 
million dollars, and that the other figures should be 
increased accordingly. Even with the lower estimate, 
Philadelphia leads the other cities of the country, and 
can afford to rest satisfied on this basis. 

The diversification of the industry is interesting. 
Here are made horseshoes, car-wheels, stoves, axles, 
bolts, chains, and cables, hardware of all kinds, nails, 
pipes, scales, safes, wire, locomotives, steam-heating 
apparatus, boilers, textile machinery, sewing-machines, 
saws, files, and scores of other articles in iron and 
steel, as well as products of bronzes and smelted 
metals. 

If there is one thing above others, however, that 
Philadelphia is noted for in the line of machinery it is 
locomotive building. On North Broad Street is the 
largest locomotive factory in the world. Its creations 
go to every part of the world, and the Baldwin loco- 
motives are known and daily seen in Russia, Aus- 



WHA T PHILADELPHIA IS. 39 

tralia, South America, and other distant parts of the 
globe. In the works about four thousand persons are 
employed, and its output for the past year was eight 
hundred and twent)'-seven locomotives, nearly three 
complete engines a day, high illustrations of the tri- 
umph of mind over matter. At an average price of 
nine thousand dollars to a locomotive, the product of 
this vast factory reaches nearly eight million dollars a 
year. Of the eiglit hundred and twenty-seven loco- 
motives made in 1889, two hundred and eleven were 
exported. In the year 1884, however, when four hun- 
dred and twenty-nine locomotives were made, there 
were one hundred and seventy exported, or more 
than one-third of those manufactured. In 1883, out 
of five hundred and fifty-seven made, one hundred 
and fifty-one were exported. In 1S82 the figures show 
one hundred and nineteen exported out of a total of 
five hundred and sixty-three made. The smallest 
number exported in any single year since 1880 was 
in 1886, when only thirty-seven were sent out of the 
country. At least one-third of all the locomotives 
made in the United States are manufactured in this 
establishment. 

It is but a step from locomotives to railroads. 
W'itli its head-quarters in Philailclphia one finds the 
best conducted and greatest railroatl in the country 
as regards ecjuipment, construction, and management. 
The Pennsylvania Railroad is a system comprising 
seven thousand five hundred and twenty-one miles of 



40 WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. 

road, three hundred and ninety-two miles of canal, 
twenty-four thousand miles of iron rails, or twelve 
thousand miles of track, and has a capitalization of 
six hundred and fifty million dollars, so distributed 
that no individual or single corporation or corporate 
interest outside the company has a controlling share 
in its affairs. It is, therefore, a stupendous organiza- 
tion, so superbly managed as to challenge the ad- 
miration even of those to whom figures of millions 
are as easy of mastery as the simple sum in arith- 
metic on a child's slate. 

Q HIP-BUILDING'S THRIVING CONDITION . 

^ J ooooooooooooooo ^"^V. 

Perhaps the Philadelphia industry 
that is attracting most attention the world over just 
now is that of ship-building, — its oldest industry. It 
is only a few weeks since the report was flashed 
around the globe that the fastest war-ship afloat, if 
not the fastest vessel of large size in the world, had 
just made her record off the Delaware capes. It is 
also matter of frequent occurrence for representatives 
of nations from all over the world to pay a visit of 
inspection to that wonderful ship, at present only 
partially successful, but which bids fair to revolutionize 
naval warfare when some minor conditions are elimi- 
nated, — the dynamite cruiser "Vesuvius." The whole 
of the new navy, so called, of the United States thus 
far launched, has been built on the Delaware, with 




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WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. 4 1 

the exception of one cruiser in San Francisco and a 
pfunboat in Baltimore. There are two stac^es in the 
construction of even the new navy. The more re- 
cent has been built in Philadelphia, while the pioneers 
in the fleet were finished about five years atro at Ches- 
ter, less than a score of miles below Philadelphia. 

Ship-building began in Philadelphia in 1683, the 
year after its actual settlement. It has continued a 
leading industry from that time down to the present, 
reaching its most thriving period from 18 10 to 1830, 
when the American flag held supremacy on the high 
seas. The Delaware has, therefore, been called the 
"Clyde of America." I'he output at 1830 was prob- 
abl)' not as great as that to-day, but there were many 
more yards in operation, all engaged in constructing 
wooden ships. Ship-building began here, as an old 
ship-builder put it recently, "long before Maine and 
other ship-building places in this country were even 
heard of." 

In earlier days commerce with the West Indies 
and South America was very prolific, and many a ship 
low-laden with tropical products swept northward on 
the gulf-stream's broad back and turned into the 
Delaware to find a harbor and the leadinof commer- 
cial port of the country. This city has ever held 
natural and intimate relation with the countries south- 
ward, even far below the equator. 

Iron ship-building reaches the highest state of per- 
fection in Philadelphia and vicinity. Here the Messrs. 



42 IVHA 7' PHILADELPHIA IS. 

Cramp have built the "Yorktown," "Vesuvius," and 
" Baltimore," and are finishing the " Philadelphia" and 
" Newark" of the new navy, every one of which bids 
fair to be a marvel in its kind of work. In Roach's 
yard, at Chester, were built the " Chicago," " Boston," 
"Atlanta," and "Dolphin," pioneers in the new order 
of naval warfare and in the reconstructed navy. They 
all compare favorably with naval vessels of like grade 
in any other navy on the globe. It was on the Dela- 
ware that the matchless "Volunteer," the fastest sloop- 
yacht in the world, was built, and while not strictly a 
Philadelphia enterprise, like all shijj-building on the 
Delaware, it is simply the outgrowth of an industry 
established here that spread to adjoining settlements. 
Hundreds of iron vessels, coastwise steamers, 
Brazilian steamers, ferry-boats, and transports have 
been built in and near Philadelphia in the last twenty- 
five years, since iron ship-building began. The first 
iron-coated war-ship built in America was constructed 
by William Cramp in 1862. It was the renowned 
frigate "Old Ironsides" that did valiant service in the 
civil war. The first iron war vessel was the "Yazoo," 
built at the same yard in 1863. The first iron pas- 
senger vessel constructed in this country was the "As- 
pinwall," built about the same time in Cramp's yard. 
Recently from the same establishment, which now em- 
ploys from two thousand two hundred to two thou- 
sand five hundred workmen, five triple-expansion engine 
passenger vessels for the Venezuelan trade have gone 




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WffAT PHILADELPHIA IS. 43 

forth, running from New York to Caracas. The demand 
for steamers in that direction is constantly increasing, and 
one of the dreams of commercial men of Philadelphia 
is that of a fleet of swift steamships, built in Philadel- 
phia, that shall ply from the port of Philadelphia and 
sweep down the Adantic to the leading countries of 
South America, bringing and taking valuable goods in 
brisk commercial exchange. 

It was here that those two mechanical devices 
that have increased the speed and enjoyment of ocean 
travel, the triple-expansion engine and twin screw, 
were first made in America. In Philadelphia alone 
there are fully three thousand men at work in the 
various departments of ship-building, yielding a prod- 
uct of between five and six million dollars a year. 
Along the Delaware, outside of Philadelphia, these 
figures are fully equalled, the grand total of the 
product of the ship-building industry on the Amer- 
ican Clyde thus reaching from ten to twelve million 
dollars a year. 

Perhaps the most celebrated fleet of vessels that 
ever traded from this port was that belonging to 
Stephen Girard. lie shocked many people by naming 
them after Rousseau, \"oltaire, and other men of kin- 
dred temperament, antl many were the predictions 
that they would be lost. He lost only one vessel, how- 
ever, the "Good Friend," which was captured, laden 
with coffee, off the Delaware capes by the British in 
the early part of the century. It cost Girard one 



44 WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. 

hvindred thousand dollars to ransom her, and after 
securing possession of her again he immediately sold 
her as an unlucky ship. It was about 1750 that a 
ship one hundred and five feet long was launched on 
the Delaware. It was a gala day in Philadelphia, and 
thousands came to see a ship so big that speaking 
trumpets were provided the master in order that his 
voice might be heard the entire extent of the im- 
mense distance of one hundred and five feet. In 
those days ship-builders represented the leading in- 
dustry, and, dressed in ruffled shirts and silk stock- 
ings, they used to visit their yards in a pompous 
manner every morning, and then spend the remainder 
of the day visiting among the merchants and bankers 
in the financial centre of the town. 

An indication of the importance of the port ot 
Philadelphia still as a shipping centre is that given by 
the oil shipments. Up to November i, 1889, the oil 
shipments to various ports of the Old and New 
World, hundreds of thousands of gallons going to 
Japan, have been one hundred and thirty-three million 
one hundred and ninety thousand six hundred and 
forty-nine gallons, an increase of sixteen million gal- 
lons over that of the previous year. 



ARI OUS LEADING TRADES. 

C' O O o o o c o 



Thus runs the story of Philadelphia's 
products and manufactures. Only three or four of 



WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. 45 



its leading industries have been looked at and only 
a glimpse has been taken of the great hive through 
its open factory door. Take the manufacture of 
shoes. The fine grades are made here in greater 
quantities than anywhere else. An expert in the trade 
estimates the output in shoes at five million dollars 
a year, employing about three thousand five hundred 
hands in about one huntlred and thirty factories. The 
leather industry, outside of shoes, is also very large, 
aggregating probably another five million dollars. 

Another large industry is the manufacture of 
clothing of various kinds. In the 1882 census the 
estimate of the aggregate of this product is put at 
over fort}' million dollars, employing nearly thirty thou- 
sand persons. If there be any error in those care- 
fully gathered statistics, certainly the industry reaches 
those figures to-day, a period eight years later. 

The brewers' industry aggregates, it is estimated, 
all told, about seven million dollars a year, employing 
at least fifteen hundred men, and showing a yield of 
four thousand dollars to each man employed, while 
the average yield in other grades of industry per 
man is only about two thousand dollars. 

The chemical outjjut of Philadelphia in 1882 was 
placed at six million two hundred and forty-one thou- 
sand nine hundred and twenty-five dollars, and it is 
estimated that the trade has increased twenty per cent. 
Philadelphia eight years ago made over five million 
dollars' worth of confectioner}-, and now its products 



46 WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. 

of toothsome sweets is estimated at a million more. 
Here in Philadelphia upholstery has reached the high- 
est state of perfection and luxuriance in this country. 
Coupled with the manufacture of furniture, the fig- 
ures of its product reached, according to the census 
of 1882, seven million five hundred and ninety-four 
thousand seven hundred and ninety-seven dollars. It 
is estimated that the year 1889 will record an in- 
crease of twenty per cent. This industr)^ certainly 
amounts to eight million dollars at the present time. 
So the figures roll up, tobacco being estimated at four 
million dollars ; soap, three million five hundred thou- 
sand dollars ; printing, all kinds, ten million dollars ; 
paper, five million dollars. 

The factory with the most costly output in the 
country is the United States Mint, where nine-tenths 
of the coinao-e of the United States is done. During 
the last year twenty-four million eight hundred and 
fifty-three thousand six hundred and twenty-four dol- 
lars and twenty-one cents in money was made there, 
divided as follows : gold, two million one hundred and 
seven thousand and sixty dollars ; silver, twenty-one 
million eight hundred and forty thousand and ninety- 
one dollars ; nickel, nine hundred and six thousand 
four hundred and seventy-three dollars and twenty- 
one cents. Represented in pieces of individual coin 
the product may be summarized as follows : gold, one 
hundred and sixty-seven thousand five hundred pieces ; 
silver, twenty-five million eight hundred and sixty 



]VHA T PHILADELPHIA IS. 47 

thousand four hundred and forty ; nickel, fifty-one 
million five hundred and sixteen thousand eight hun- 
dred and sixt)'-one. There were seven hundred and 
sixty-five thousand eight hundred and sevent}'-six 
standard ounces of gold used, valued at eighteen 
dollars and sixty cents an ounce, and forty-three mil- 
lion three hundred and thirty-four thousand four hun- 
dred and twenty-one ounces of silver used, valued at 
one dollar and sixteen cents an ounce. The small 
coins, made exclusively in Philadelphia, are virtually 
manufactured by the car-load. No other such factory 
as the Philadelphia United States Mint exists in the 
Western Hemisphere. 

Regarding the cause for this great development 
of the city, this much may truly be said : Whatever 
may be the merits or demerits of a protective tariff 
system, certain it is that Philadelphia never would 
have been the prosperous manufacturing centre that 
she is, and her industries could not have been so 
stimulated, fostered, and developed as they have 
been, except by this economic policy. Her municipal 
fortress, therefore, is an immense factory, teeming 
with life and humming with prosperity, founded on 
diversified industry, buttressed and arched with living 
labor and tireless energ)', built up and roofed with the 
accumulation and experience of manual and mental 
toil, and protecting an army proud to march under 
the banners of those who earn their bread by the 
daily sweat of their brows. 




CHAPTER IV. 

LEADING CHARACTERISTICS. 

|EXT to her manufactories, Philadelphia's 
homes are her leading feature. According- 
to the Bureau of Revision of Taxes, up 
to January i, 1889, there were two hundred 
thousand and seventy-three dwelling-houses in the 
city, and seventeen thousand eight hundred and four 
buildings devoted to other purposes. It is estimated 
that at least seven thousand dwellings have been 
built since January i. Philadelphia homes are now 
increasing at the rate of seven thousand five hundred 
a year. The number of property owners is estimated 
by the same board at from seventy-five thousand to 
one hundred thousand. The cost of the dwellings 
averages less than five thousand dollars, and it is 
probable that more than one-half of the new ones 
have been built at an expense of three thousand 
dollars or less, and are only two stories in height, 
but with every modern convenience. This means that 
Philadelphia workmen live in separate houses. So 
rapidly have the houses increased that on many 

streets they have remained vacant for weeks, because 
48 



WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. 49 

the city cannot supply necessary sewer and water 
connections. 

Tlie absence of tenement houses, such as are 
seen in other large cities, and the fact that thousands 
of the middle classes own their own Iiomes, is due to 
a remarkable financial scheme, indigenous to Philadel- 
phia, and known as the building association. There 
are at least four hundred of these associations in 
Philadelphia, with assets of forty million dollars ; an- 
nual receipts, sixteen million dollars ; members, one 
hundred thousand. The building association is simply 
a workingman's savings-bank, whose money is in- 
vested in erecting homes for members and, in some 
cases, for non-members, and in taking mortgages, 
payable in monthly instalments, as security tor the 
investment. The members purchase stock with their 
deposits and get six per cent, interest on their in- 
vestment. Those who borrow pay each month enough 
more than the normal rent to satisfy the interest on 
the mortgage, and the balance goes towards paying 
off the indebtedness on the property on the instal- 
ment plan. In this way a man's rent goes towards 
tlie payment of a home, and in a period of about 
eleven years a house pays for itself 

Thousands of Philadelphians have thus come to 
own their own homes by the simple scheme of co- 
operation in savings. This, too, may explain the 
absence of tenement houses and the great number 
of two-story dwellings. Building associations have 



50 WHAT PHILADELPHIA /S. 

had their effect, too, for capital seeking investment 
in real estate development now makes such terms 
that rent shall go towards ownership, and thus it is 
that many a man finds himself the owner of the home 
where he has lived for many years, instead, as is the 
case in many other cities, of finding himself no nearer 
the ownership of his dwelling after his existence of 
perhaps a score of years there than he was at the 
beginning. Building associations have spread through- 
out Pennsylvania, and are fast springing up, especially 
in the Western States. They are about thirty years 
old, and the lite ot an association expires in eleven 
years from the expiration of the stock or the "series," 
as each issue of stock is called. 

It is not known how the peculiar style in house- 
building of Philadelphia, consisting of the use of red 
bricks and white marble trimmings, originated. Brick 
manufacture has always been prolific in Philadelphia. 
Its yearly output is at least three million five hundred 
thousand dollars. One of the earliest importations to 
Philadelphia was that of rags from Italy for paper 
manufacture. Rags need ballast, and in this way it 
is supposed that marble began to be imported in 
large quantities. The combination was pleasing to 
the Philadelphia eye of conservatism and conducive to 
habits of cleanliness. Thus bricks and white marble 
became ineffaceably stamped upon the city's architec- 
ture, spreading to adjacent towns south and west. 
The tendency is now towards building brick houses 




o 



LiJ 

I 



WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. 51 

with brovvnstone trimmings, but as fully one hundred 
and seventy-five thousand dwellings are of the red 
and white combination, Philadelphia will continue to 
be the city of red bricks and white marble steps and 
window-sills, a contrast in color which, however mo- 
notonous to some eyes and however inartistic to 
other eyes, certainly has advantages and attractions. 

T^HK GOVERNMENT OF THE CITY. 



The city's government is a model of 
municipal organization on the latest ideas. It is di- 
vided into two branches, legislative and executive. 
The execution of the laws is now made a matter of 
individual responsibility with the executive, and if any 
fault is to be found with the plan it is that the power 
given to the executive is so great that the legislative 
power may be controlled or dwarfed by the executive. 
The mayor receives a yearly salary of twelve thou- 
sand dollars. The executive government is divided 
into three great departments, known as those of 
Public Works, Public Safety, and Charities and Cor- 
rection. The first two have a " director" at their 
heads. The last has a board-government, but as the 
mayor has absolute power of removal, it simply in- 
creases his own responsibility. The directors are 
each paid a salary of seven thousand five hundred 
dollars, and the members of the Board of Charities 
and Correction serve without pay. 



WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. 



The Director of Public Works looks after the 
manufacture and distribution of gas, opens new 
streets and keeps old ones clean and in repair, 
builds and repairs sewers, cares for the water distri- 
bution and building of reservoirs and laying of mains, 
as well as maintaining the city's ice-boats for use in 
winter in keeping navigation open. The Director of 
Public Safety has to do with police, firemen, electrical 
matters, health, vital statistics, boiler inspection, build- 
ing inspection, care of city property, and the like. 
The Department of Charities and Correction has to 
do with the city hospital, city almshouse, and the 
penal and corrective institutions of the city. For the 
honest and economic management of all these depart- 
ments the responsibility lies directly upon the mayor, 
who is elected by the people every four years, and 
who appoints his own subordinates, subject to the 
approval of the upper house of the city legislature. 
The city legislature is divided into two branches, the 
Select and the Common Council. The one contains 
a representation by wards and the other by popula- 
tion. They fix the tax rate, make appropriations, 
and pass local ordinances, chiefly those pertaining to 
improvements. There are other departments in the 
city, but as they have little to do with the daily en- 
forcement of the laws in a positive way, their heads 
are elected by the people. They are the depart- 
ments of the City Treasury, Controller, Coroner, Dis- 
trict Attorney, Education, Sheriff, Receiver of Taxes, 



WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. 53 

Register of Wills, Recorder of Deeds, and City So- 
licitor. 

Philadelphia's system of municipal finance is on 
the " pay-as-you-go" plan. If the law allowed unlim- 
ited debt capacity, doubtless the city would be better 
paved and other needed improvements would be 
speedily made. Philadelphia's debt, all of which is 
funded, was on January i, 1889, fifty-seven million 
nine hundred and forty-two thousand nine hundred 
and thirty-four dollars and ninety cents. Her assets 
in securities and cash consisted of thirty million seven 
hundred and seven thousand seven hundred and 
eighty dollars and ninety-seven cents ; in real estate, 
forty-two million nine hundred and si.\t)-four thousantl 
three hundred and forty-iour dollars ; excess of as- 
sets over liabilities, fifteen million seven hundred and 
twenty-nine thousand one hundred and ninety dollars 
and seven cents. The value of the taxable real estate 
in the city was six hundred and sixty-six million three 
hundred and twenty-four thousand seven hundred and 
ninety dollars during 1888, all but sixty-one million 
dollars of which was assessed at the city tax-rate of 
one dollar and eighty-five cents per one hundred dol- 
lars of valuation. The people seem to be peculiarly 
sensitive to an increase in the tax-rate. Since 1883 
it has been one dollar and eighty-five cents, and im- 
provements for the good health of the city have been 
put off rather than increase the tax rate. The receipts 
from taxes for 1889, based on these figures, were nine- 



54 WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. 

teen million six hundred and seventy-two thousand 
one hundred and ninety dollars and fifty-four cents, 
and it took nineteen million seven hundred and eleven 
thousand two hundred and seventy dollars and sixty- 
six cents to pay the city's expenses, causing- a deficit 
of thirty-nine thousand and eighty dollars and twelve 
cents. The police force consists of more than fifteen 
hundred men, and the fire department has about forty- 
five engines or appliances of various kinds and about 
four hundred and fifty men. 

The death rate of Philadelphia varies from nine- 
teen to twenty per thousand each year. There are 
less than half a dozen cities in the United States 
with so low a death-rate. Improvements in the water- 
supply of the city have just been made through the 
completion of the mammoth East Park Reservoir, 
whose capacity is over seven hundred million gallons, 
which will, it is expected, largely reduce the typhoid 
fever rate, so that the city's death rate will be in a 
short time probably as low as that of any city in the 
United States. The vital statistics for the year iS88 
show the followino' result : deaths, twenty thousand 
three hundred and seventy-two ; births, twenty-six 
thousand two hundred and ninety-six ; marriages, six 
thousand seven hundred. 

An indication of the immense size of Philadelphia 
and the task of suitably paving it may be obtained 
from the fact that there are over two thousand miles 
of streets on the city plan, and of these twelve hun- 




X 

o 



3 

o 

X 



X 

t- 

i 

o 

T 



o 



O 



o 



WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. 55 

dred miles are open. There are plotted on the city 
map one hundred and ninety-one thousand nine hun- 
dred and twenty-eight city lots. 

ZTHE CITY'S POPULATION. 



Much of late has been said regarding 
Philadelphia's population. The census of 1880 put 
the figure at eight hundred and forty-seven thousand 
one hundred and seventy. Mr. Blodget recently esti- 
mated the figure at one million two hundred and 
twenty-three thousand, a growth almost of four hun- 
dred thousand in ten years. On the basis of five and 
a half persons to a household, the established ratio in 
Philadelphia, the figures would reach one million one 
hundred thousand. The Board of Health, figuring by 
three different methods of estimate, the ratio of dec- 
ades, marriages and deaths, and the voting ratio, 
place the population at the close of 1888 at one mil- 
lion si.xteen thousand seven hundred and fifty-eight. 
The latter figures are a conservative estimate, and it 
is no exaggeration to say that Philadelphia has at 
least over one million inhabitants. 

Another city institution of world-wide reputation 
is Fairmount Park. It is considered the most beau- 
tiful natural park in the United States, as well as 
the largest city park. It consists of two thousand 
seven hundred and ninety-one acres, througii which 
the romantic and beautiful Schuylkill River runs. It 



56 WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. 

has hundreds of picnic grounds, and it belongs to the 
people. It was here that the great Centennial was 
held. Besides Fairmount Park there are numerous 
squares and public parks in the city and suburbs, 
aggregating at least one hundred and fifty acres. 
Fairmount Park is managed by a commission ap- 
pointed by the courts. 

Another indication of the sensitive temperament 
of the people is the high regard for the purity of the 
judiciary. Philadelphia lawyers have been heard of 
the world over, and Philadelphia judges fitly repre- 
sent the best tendencies of the bar. There are twelve 
judges who sit in the county courts. They are se- 
lected by the people for a term of ten years each, 
at a yearly salary of seven thousand dollars. It is 
essentially a non-partisan judiciary, the custom now 
being prevalent in both leading political parties to 
endorse any judge who may come up for re-election, 
regardless of his own political affiliations. The bar 
still sustains its past reputation, and has among its 
members able pleaders, profound jurists, and success- 
ful advocates. 



E DUCATIONAL FEATURES. 
OOOOOOOC'OO 



In education, especially professional educa- 
tion, Philadelphia has always ranked high. Not only 
have her lawyers been profound, but her doctors 
have always been at the top of the medical profes- 



WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. 57 

sion. Here the science of medicine has not only 
flourished, but this city has become the acknowledged 
centre of progress in that direction. The University 
of Pennsylvania, established as early as 1755, largely 
through the efforts of Benjamin Franklin, has always 
been an educational power in the United States. 
The University Medical School ranks among the very 
first of the country, and now, as in tlie past, has on 
the roll of its professors some of the most distin- 
guished names in medical science. The Jefferson 
Medical College also takes high rank, and from this 
and the University Medical Schools three hundred 
and nine graduates from South American countries 
have received their diplomas in the past twenty 
years. There are half a dozen other medical colleges 
of high character and grade in the city. 

Wherever Philadelphia has been heard of in recent 
years the name of Girard College has gone with it. 
Endowed by Stephen Girard, it has clothed, cared for, 
and educated over four thousand boys. The school 
was opened in 1848, seventeen years after Girard's 
death. It takes orphan boys (that is, boys whose 
fathers at least are dead), from six to ten years of 
age, those born in the "old city" preferred, and it 
keeps them until they are eighteen years of age, 
giving them instruction in the common branches as 
well as many higher branches, such as navigation, 
Spanish, and many departments of science. It has 
fourteen hundred boys now under its care, and soon 



58 WHAT PH/LADELPH/A IS. 

the accommodation will be increased to sixteen hun- 
dred. The capacity limit will be reached in a few 
years at two thousand boys. The total number ad- 
mitted since the beginning down to January i, 1889, 
has been four thousand and twenty-one. Already 
there are from three hundred to four hundred boys 
waiting to come in. After the "old city" applicants 
are disposed of those from other parts of Pennsyl- 
vania, from the city of New York, and from the city 
of New Orleans have preference, in the order named. 
The Girard Estate is worth twenty million dollars, 
three-quarters of the income of which is laid away 
for investment purposes. The original endowment 
was two million dollars. Last year's expenses were 
four hundred and seventeen thousand eight hundred 
and ninety-one dollars and ninety-seven cents. The 
Williamson School of Industrial Trades, which will 
soon be established, as well as the Drexel School, 
patterned somewhat after the Cooper Institute of New 
York, will fitly supplement Girard College, and add 
to the city's reputation in that line of liberality. 

The public schools of Philadelphia are well man- 
aged and crowded to their highest capacity all the 
time. Higher education receives a large share of 
attention in them also. The average attendance at 
the public schools last year was ninety-six thousand 
six hundred and sixteen, and the salaries paid for 
teachers alone aesfreoated one million four hundred 
and twenty-eight thousand nine hundred and seventy- 



IVHA T PHILADELPHIA IS. 59 

one dollars and twenty-nine cents, the total expense 
of the schools reaching the sum of two million two 
hundred and eighty thousand seven hundred and 
twelve dollars and twenty-four cents. There are four 
hundred and fifty-nine schools of various grades and 
two thousand five hundred and twenty-four teachers. 
Amoncj the schools of note are the Manual Traininof 
School, giving instruction in manual as well as mental 
work. It has passed beyond the experimental stage, 
and has just received the highest honors at the Paris 
Exposition. The School of Design for Women is 
the oldest and largest one of its kind in the country, 
and gives equal attention to industrial and fine art. 
The Academy of tlie Fine Arts has superior facilities, 
and, although Philadelphia is a manufacturing city, it 
is as well a leading art city. It is also a literary city, 
as its great libraries, the Ridgway, Piiiladelphia, Mer- 
cantile, and Historical Society Libraries, can testify. 

There are over six hundred churches in Philadel- 
phia divided among various denominations. Careful 
statistics as to membership and practical work accom- 
plished are difficult to obtain, and it were better, 
therefore, not to use diem. Among its clergy are a 
Roman Catholic archbishop and bishops of the Prot- 
estant Episcopal and Methodist Episcopal Churches, 
all able, kindly, and exceedingly popular men. Phila- 
delphia is also a city of hospitals as well as churches, 
and in this regard no city of the country is better 
equipped. In all the leading hospitals women nurses 



6o WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. 

are instructed and trained, and every year a large 
company of these ministering angels goes forth to 
work in the community. 



f^ AW AND ORDER RECORD. 

I \ 00O000OI3 



Philadelphia is also the great law and 
order city of the United States. By the operation of 
a hiofh-license law, fixinof the license fee at five hun- 
dred dollars a year, the number of saloons was re- 
duced from over six thousand to thirteen hundred. 
The low groggery has disappeared. So profitable is 
the liquor business, owing to the reduction in the 
number of saloons, that the law regarding Sunday 
closing and other restrictions is rigidly kept, lest the 
judges, who now grant the licenses, may revoke the 
valuable franchises on a subsequent application. To 
show the fruit of the workings of the new order of 
things all that is necessary is to quote these official 
figures. Number of commitments to the county prison 
for intoxication under old license law, from January 
I, 18S7, to January i, 1S88, eleven thousand one 
hundred and thirty-seven ; number of commitments 
for same cause, from January i, 1888, to January i, 
1889, five thousand nine hundred and forty-seven; 
decrease in one year, five thousand one hundred and 
ninety. Under the present municipal administration, 
aided by a vigorous press, all the dives and gam- 
bling-houses have been closed and most of the pro- 




^RK. ALONG THE WISSAHICKON DRIVE. 



WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. 6 1 

prietors driven from the city. Not a vile den — such 
as are found on the thoroughfares of other cities — 
can be found in Philadelphia. Pitfalls for the young 
and unwary are no longer openly seen, and no city 
in this country gives such an exhibition of public 
decency as Philadelphia. 

ZTHE CITY'S BANKS. 



0000000 



Philadelphia's banks are renowned. The 
name of Drexel has a foothold on two hemispheres. 
In the Drexel bank alone the private deposits reach 
the stupendous sum of fourteen million dollars. The 
Philadelphia banks have always been loyal to the 
Government, and during the civil war Jay Cooke, 
the Philadelphia banker, successfully placed three bil- 
lion dollars' worth of Government securities without 
personal profit to himself of a single penny. During 
the Mexican War E. W. Clark performed a similar 
service, and the names of Stephen Girard and Robert 
Morris will go down in history among those who 
unstintingly gave of their means to assist the nation 
in time of crisis. The architecture of the banks of 
Philadelphia is most striking. There are forty-two 
national banks whose capital stock is twenty-two mil- 
lion eight hundred and ninety-nine thousand dollars. 
An idea of the business done by these banks may 
be obtained from these figures of the week's oper- 
ations ending November 4, 1889: loans and discounts, 



62 WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. 

ninety-eight million one hundred and thirty-three thou- 
sand dollars ; money reserve, twenty-four million nine 
hundred and twenty-two thousand dollars ; national 
bank-notes, two hundred and seventy-seven thousand 
dollars ; deposits, eighty-seven million five hundred 
thousand dollars. This is for one week only. Besides 
the national banks there are numerous trust com- 
panies, several savings-banks, and State banks. One 
of the three leading savings-banks has over one 
hundred thousand depositors, and trust companies of 
various kinds are rapidly growing. The banking busi- 
ness is, therefore, enormous, and the total amount 
can only be conjectured on the basis of the figures 
furnished officially by the clearing-house and given 
above. 

The operations of tlie Philadelphia Custom-House 
fittingly follow those of the banks. The value of the 
imports coming to Philadelphia for the year 1888 was 
forty-five million twenty thousand one hundred and 
thirty-two dollars ; value of exports, twenty-eight mil- 
lion twelve thousand eight hundred and seventy-nine 
dollars. It is held by experts that the exports from 
Philadelphia by way of New York equalled those that 
passed through the local custom-house. Of the im- 
ports the following from South American countries for 
1SS8 have been furnished by the Collector of Customs : 
Argentine Republic, two hundred and forty-seven 
thousand seven hundred and ninety-three dollars ; 
Brazil, one million three hundred and three thousand 




Q 



O 



5 

X 



o 



WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. 63 



nine hundred and twenty-seven dollars ; Costa Rica, 
five thousand five hundred and eighty-five dollars ; 
Nicaragua, forty-one thousand six hundred and sixty- 
seven dollars ; Chili, two hundred and thirty-three 
thousand four hundred and seventy dollars ; French 
Guiana, ten thousand seven hundred and fifty dollars ; 
British Guiana, two million four hundred and ninety- 
two thousand nine hundred and seventy dollars; 
United States of Colombia, twenty-four thousand five 
hundred and twenty-one dollars ; Uruguay, thirty-one 
thousand and sixty-eight dollars ; V^enezuela, nineteen 
hundred and seventy-six dollars. Nearly one-third of 
these imports came in free of duty. The exports to 
these countries were as follows : Argentine Repub- 
lic, four hundred and forty-two thousand four hun- 
dred and forty-nine dollars; Brazil, one hundred and 
ninety-five thousand nine hundred and sixty dollars ; 
Nicaragua, five thousand seven hundred and fifteen 
dollars ; British Guiana, fifty-six thousand two hun- 
dred and seventy dollars ; United States of Colom- 
bia, twelve thousand seven hundred and twenty-two 
dollars. 

The most strikinof external sinole feature of Phil- 
adelphia is its new City Hall, situated in its centre. 
It is of white marble, occupies a whole square, and 
has thus far cost twelve million si.x hundred and 
twenty-six thousand seven hundred and thirty dollars 
and nine cents. Its final cost will probably reach 
nearly eighteen million dollars. Its tower is now 



64 



IVHA T PHILADELPHIA IS. 



three hundred and diirty-seven feet high, the marble 
work on it having been nearly completed. When 
finished the tower will be five hundred and thirty- 
seven feet four and one-half inches high, the loftiest 
tower on any building in the United States. 





FAIRMOUNT PARK, WISS/- 



CHAPTER V. 



THE FUTURE. 




8NE of this country's earliest statesmen said 
that he knew of no way of judging of the 
future except by the past. Philadelphia's 
past and present speak for themselves. It 
is a story of industry and loyalty, twin forces in 
steady development. Following simply along the line 
of the past, the city's future is secure. But there 
are reasons why Philadelphia's future should produce 
greater things than those warranted by the past and 
present. 

It is within a year that under Congressional ap- 
propriation and State and city aid the purchase of 
the two islands that choke the Delaware River in 
its busiest part has been made, and they have been 
deeded to the National Goverment. Their entire 
removal has been recommended by government en- 
gineers, and the work will doubdess be begun within 
another twelve months. The expense will reach sev- 
eral millions, and a portion of Petty's Island, farther 
up die river, will be cut away. By this means the 
channel will be deepened and, best of all, widened 

65 



66 WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. 



SO as to admit in easy access the largest of steam- 
ships. Tlie wharves will be lengthened and multi- 
plied, and it is believed that increased commerce will 
quickly follow. Ship owners and masters always pre- 
fer a fresh-water harbor, and this strong advantage 
Philadelphia already has. 

Another project which it is thought will at once 
cause Philadelphia commerce to grow is the proposed 
" Belt Line Railroad," a railroad which all the rail- 
roads entering the city shall have the right of using, 
and which shall run direct to the wharves along the 
Delaware, enabling shippers to load and unload goods 
by the vessels' sides. 

A board of naval engineers have just recom- 
mended that the Government spend fifteen million 
dollars in fitting up the League Island Navy- Yard, 
so that it will become the greatest plant of its kind 
in the world. If the harbor, Belt Line, and naval 
improvements are made, for which the outlook is 
favorable, it will be merely a question of time when 
Philadelphia shall so regain her maritime supremacy 
as to become at least the second port of importance 
in the United States instead of being the sixth, as 
she is at present. 

A spirit of change is being observed in the e.x- 
ternal aspect of the city. In no other municipality in 
this country has there been such a recent advance 
in architecture as in Philadelphia within three years. 
Many stupendous and even magnificent buildings have 



WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. 67 

been erected, revealing a wonderful skill in archi- 
tecture that not only delights the eye, but manifests 
a spirit of progress that makes a bright forecast for 
the future of the city. 

Thus the record of Philadelphia reads. If details 
are considered, the half has not been told, and will 
not be told until dug from the returns of the next 
census. No Philadelphian, no admirer of Philadelphia, 
in this or any other country, doubts what that record 
will show. It will be a record of progressive indus- 
trial achievement far beyond that of other cities, and 
the city will continue to remain, as it always has 
been, the great American city of the temperate zone. 
Looked at in the record of her past, in the bright 
light of the present, and in the brilliant prospect of 
the future, one can realize the force, yes, the pathos, 
of these words of William Penn, written as he sailed 
down the Delaware, going back to England after his 
last visit here : "And thou, Philadelphia, the virgin 
settlement named before thou wert born, what love, 
what care, what service, and what travail has there 
been to bring thee forth and preserve thee from such 
as would abuse and defile thee. I long to be with 
thee." 



A ppendix. 



C c> c o o = 




[HE delegates, secretaries, and attaches of the 
International American Conference, accom- 
panied by their escort, arrived in Philadel- 
phia by special train on Saturday, Novem- 
ber 9, at ten o'clock in die evening. They had 
come from Pittsburg by way of the Pennsylvania 
Railroad. After the members of the Conference luul 
assembled in one of the parlors of the Continental 
Hotel, Hon. Edwin H. Fitler, Mayor of Philadelphia, 
made a brief address of welcome, to which Dr. Guz- 
man, of Nicaragua, responded on behalf of the 
visitors. 

It had been arranged that the following day 
should be spent in rest, but the city's distinguished 
guests were alert, and many of them took advantage 
of the opportunity to visit some of the city's insti- 
tutions. A good-sized party went to Girard College 
in the morning at eleven o'clock. The usual chapel 
service was in session, and special addresses were 
made by Judge Robert N. Willson, President A. H. 
Fetterolf, of Girard College ; W. Heyward Drayton, 

69 



70 APPENDIX. 

president of the Board of City Trusts, to which Senor 
Peraza, of Venezuela, responded. In the afternoon 
the delegates occupied the time in visits to the East- 
ern Penitentiary, to the various hospitals of the city, 
and in making private calls. 

On Monday the formal sight-seeing began. John 
Wanamaker's store was first visited, where Robert 
C. Ogden made an address of welcome, and, with 
the assistance of numerous aids, conducted the visi- 
tors personally through the store. Baldwin's Loco- 
motive Works, the tool works of William Sellers & 
Co., and J. & J. Dobson's Carpet Mills, at Falls of 
Schuylkill, were next visited. The wives of the dele- 
gates had been specially invited to participate in the 
visit to Philadelphia, and they were conducted through 
Wanamaker's specially, and entertained at luncheon 
by Mr. Ogden. They then made a visit to Indepen- 
dence Hall. In the evening the Union League ten- 
dered a reception to the visitors at the League house. 
This ended the first day's programme. 

Tuesday was as busy as Monday. The first place 
visited was Harrison, Frazier & Co.'s Sugar Refinery. 
At noon the University of Pennsylvania was reached. 
Dr. Wm. J. Pepper, Provost of the University, made 
an address, to which Senor Cruz, of Guatemala, re- 
sponded. This was followed by lunch, after which a 
special train took the company to Henry Disston & 
Sons' Saw Works, at Tacony. Hamilton Disston and 
Hon. M. M. Estee, of California, made speeches. 



APPENDIX. ■ 71 



The delegates then went down the Delaware to the 
ship-yard of William Cramp & Sons, where they in- 
spected as much of the new navy of the United 
States as could be found there, comprising the cruis- 
ers "Vesuvius," "Baltimore," "Philadelphia," and 
"Newark." In the evening the visit formally ended 
with a reception at the Manufacturers' Club. 

The followinor Committees had charge of the ar- 
rangements of the visit of the Conference: 

Committee on Industrial Visits : John H. Converse, 
Chairman ; Frederick Fraley, John Dobson, Hamilton 
Disston, William Sellers, Charles H. Cramp, W. L. 
Elkins, Walter Wood, Claus Spreckels, John Mundell, 
Charles C. Harrison, James Gillinder, J. H. Stetson, 
Robert K. McNeeley, S. B. Stinson, Alan H. Reed, 
James M. Hibbs, Robert C. Ogdcn. 

Committee on Evening Entertainment : Thomas 
Dolan, Chairman ; Charles Emory Smith, James Dob- 
son, Thomas Cochran, Theodore I{. Wiedersheim, 
P. A. B. Widener, Simon Muhr, J. P. Truitt, Robert 
S. Davis, Charles Thackara, W. F. Hagar, C. N. 
Thorpe, J. V. Huber, William Brockie, C. A. Dough- 
erty, T. A. Pearce, George Campbell, S. B. Fleisher, 
Robert Dornan. 

Committee on Finance: A. J. Drexel, Chairman; 
George W. Childs, William INI. Singerly, John H. 



r- 



APPEXDIX. 



Michener, Wharton Barker, William Wood, J. Lowber 
Welsh, Charles Heber Clarke, George V. Cresson, 
Jacob Naylor, John H. Bromley, George L. Harrison, 
C. J. Harrah, Jr., |ohn Lucas, William R. Warner, 
Dawson Hoopes, Thomas MacKellar, C. R. Adamson, 
J. G. Altemus, G. A. Heyl, S. B. Brown, A. H. Love. 





TAk distriotii or .\L\XA-iTXIC nm/ GERiLXKTOWX in ffip nor-thn-estnr-rt si-cfion or Me ci/ynwt ffinf o/' FRAXh'FORD ii, //„■ r/')r//t,>nstev7 

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